* 50 clues - GRAMMAR *

Grammar

50

CLUES

SPANISH

Libreria AVALON 2000

SINOPSIS

This book has not been written to compete either with school-textbooks, neither with SPANISH GRAMMAR books of 500 or 800 pages, aimed at University students and teachers.

This is a work directed to students and/or teachers of Primary and Secondary schools who wish to have compiled in 1 volume the numerous RULES and EXCEPTIONS - concerning Morphology and Syntax - which are "scattered" along the more than eighty lessons that may include studies of Primary and Secondary courses.

Due to the book format and number of pages this GRAMMAR provides EASY handling.

The structure and summary tables will be EASY to understand and memorize.

Because of its 40 pages about "Special Difficulties", and its 33 models of IRREGULAR verbs, you had wished to have been able to consult it long ago.

Its "INDEX" General “50 CLUES” and Alphabetical will make searching EASY.

The INDEX entitled “50 STEPS” is for structuring the teaching in 50 progressive steps from minor to greater difficulty.

The information given in the ANNEX about SPAIN will be also very useful for you all.

* LIBRERÍA Avalon 2000 *

- Tannay GARDENS -

- Tannay GARDENS -

PROHIBIDA reprodución SIN permiso autor@

This book is not to be reproduced "in whole or in part" – neither is allowed the transmission, sale or storage by any form or means - either written text, images, illustrations, drawings, signs, graphs, maps, cover designs and graphic design, photography , layout and/or summary tables) - whether for processing, either electrical, mechanical, manual, chemical, optical, recording or photocopying, recording or by any other method, without the prior written permission of the owner of the intellectual property. The violation of these rights may constitute an offense against “Intellectual Property” (Article 270 of the Criminal Code).

Intellectual Property Registration * J.E.O. 00/2009/4005 * MADRID (Spain)

EDITORIAL Círculo Rojo € 39 (libro impreso) Julio 2013 / DESCUENTO 33% (Agosto 2015)

EDITORIAL Círculo Rojo ( Spain) June 2013 (39€) ISBN 978-84-9050-19 * Depósito Legal: AL-572/2013

E-BOOK (blanco y negro) 9 €

VALENCIA * Flor de AZAHAR

VALENCIA * Flor de AZAHAR
- ORANGE blossoms -

Castillo TEMPLARIO (Ponferrada)

Castillo TEMPLARIO (Ponferrada)
Castillo Templario * PONFERRADA (León)

jueves, 30 de agosto de 2012

* PRÓLOGO *


PRÓLOGO



Por una parte, todos y cada uno de los idiomas llevan implícitas dificultades relacionadas con su escritura, dicción, morfología  y sintaxis.

Por otra parte, las dificultades “extra” que tengan un alemán, un griego, un chino o un ruso serán inherentes a las DIFERENCIAS propias entre su idioma materno y el idioma ESPAÑOL.

Arduo y exhaustivo trabajo se ha realizado para poder condensar en este manual “la flor y la nata” de conocimientos del idioma ESPAÑOL correspondientes a los seis niveles de estudios comprendidos entre los 12 y los 18 años.

Especial dedicación y tiempo han sido dedicados a la planificación y diseño de “Cuadros sinópticos” y ESQUEMAS gráficos que faciliten la comprensión del idioma ESPAÑOL a todas las personas de habla INGLESA procedentes de Irlanda, Escocia, Gales y Bretaña que habitan a lo largo y ancho de este amplio mundo desde el Estrecho de Bering en Alaska, Canadá y Estados Unidos en el hemisferio boreal hasta Australia y Nueva Zelanda en el hemisferio austral y por supuesto sin olvidarnos de las Islas Auckland, Bounty, Campbell, Solander and Three Kings ... ...

Precisamente el capítulo titulado ANEXOS ha sido confeccionado como información complementaria para todas aquellas personas que - no habitando en EUROPA cerca de España e Inglaterra – no tengan la facilidad de conocer personalmente ciertos “datos de interés” de nuestra piel de toro ibérica.


Ahora, con este libro titulado

“Easy SPANISH * 50 CLUES of Spanish GRAMMAR”

ponemos a disposición tanto del lector joven como del adulto
un sistema de información

claro – conciso - profundo 

para que sea de  FÁCIL  comprensión

* * * * * * * *


Solsticio de Invierno – Año 2008 – Siglo XXI

* INTRODUCTION *



INTRODUCTION



To facilitate the use of this book, it has been divided in the following way:-




“GRAMMAR - Main RULES”  sub-divided into   50 chapters …    from  page 1 to  93.



50 “Special Difficulties” …                                                               from page  94 to  133.



11 ANNEXES pages =                              3 MAPS:-   Spain   –  Europe  –  “Mapa-Mundi”
                                  
                                              & Information about SPAIN, Madrid and other main Cities.



APPENDIX  advising about chronological order  to learn  SPANISH  in a sensible way.



INDEX   General             (4 pages)



INDEX   Thematic         (2 pages)




We wish this book will please all of YOU and be profitable and useful in its handling.



Fate grant so it be!


Winter Solstice – 2008 – Century  XXI

* NOMBRES sustantivos * (Puntos 1 - 2 - 3 - 4)

NOUNS in Spanish may have the following GENDERs:-

1)   FEMENINE

For women and female animals:

Woman (mujer) - female (hembra) - mother (madre) - wife (esposa) - sister (hermana) - daughter (hija) - lady (dama) - widow (viuda) - actress (actriz) - duchess (duquesa) - testatrix (testadora) - heroine (heroína) - cow (vaca) - hen (gallina) – mare (yegua).


2) MASCULINE

For men and male animals:

Man (hombre) - male (macho) - father (padre) - husband (esposo) - brother (hermano) - son (hijo) - knight (caballero) - widower (viudo) - actor (actor) - duke (duque) – testator (testador) - hero (héroe) - bull (toro) - cock (gallo) – horse (caballo).

HOWEVER …

don’t forget that - in Spanish Language - it is also assigned a GENDER to nouns which describe inanimate things, food, feelings, ideas, games, life stages…!
.


3)   Usually belong to the FEMENINE gender nouns ending in:


Ø    A   :- la casa (the house) – la silla (the chair) – la gata ( the female cat) …

     Exception:-  el día (the day) - el problema (the problem) – el planeta (the planet)…


Ø    CIÓN  - SIÓN - ZÓN  :- la acción (the action) – la revisión (the review) – la razón.

Ø     D A D  - T A D  :- la fraternidad (the fraternity) – la amistad (the friendship).

Ø     E Z  :- la niñez (the childhood) – la vejez (the oldness).
   
Ø    T U D  :- la juventud  (the youth) - la virtud (the virtuousness).

Ø    The vowels  &  the consonants:-  la  “a” - la “e” - la “be” - la “ce” ... ... ...

Ø    Las HORAS del día:-  Es la una en punto – Son las dos y cuarto – Son las tres y ...



4)    Most times, belong to the MASCULINE gender, nouns ending in:


Ø     O  :-   el gato (the male cat) – el ladrillo (the brick) – el cielo (the sky).

       Exception:-  la mano (the hand) – la radio (the radio set)…


Ø     O R  :-   el conductor (the driver) – el calor (the heat) – el vapor (the steam).

       Exception:-  la flor (the flower)…


Ø     O L  :-   el árbol (the tree) – el sol (the sun) – el girasol (the sunflower).


Ø     A J E  :-   el paisaje (the landscape) – el viaje (the journey).


Ø     ISMO :-  un espejismo (a mirage) – el submarinismo ( the diving).


Ø     IENTO – MIENTO - MENTO  :-  el ayuntamiento (Town Hall) – alimento (food).      


Ø    Los DÍAS de la semana:-  el lunes – el martes – el miércoles – el jueves ... ... ...

Ø    Los MESES del año:-  Enero es un mes frío /  Abril es un mes templado ... ... ...


Ø    Los NÚMEROS:-  1 = el uno / 10 = el diez / 100 = el cien / 1.000.000 = el millón.

* ADJETIVOS *


ADJECTIVES



ADJECTIVES are words which identify or characterize the NOUNS.



Definited  ADJECTIVES



I ) DEMONSTRATIVES: this = este-esta that = ese-esa / these =est@s those = es@s

II )  NUMERALS:  two rings (2 anillos)       first floor (1º piso)     half an hour (1/2 hora).  

III )  INDEFINITES: each girl (cada chica)  NO girls = ninguna chica   several  (varios).


IV )  POSSESSIVES                                                                                        Proprietor


My book  (MI libro); my suitcases (MIS maletas).                                                   Yo
Your pencil (TU lápiz); your pencils (TUS lápices).                                                 tú

His suit (SU traje de él); his suits (SUS trajes de él).                                              él
Her dress (SU vestido de ella); her dresses (SUS vestidos de ella).                     ella
Its tail (SU cola – rabo); its legs (SUS patas).                                                          ello

Our horse (NUESTRO caballo); our cows (NUESTRAS vacas).                       nosotr@s 
Your neighbour (VUESTRO vecino); your daughters (VUESTRAS hijas).        vosotr@s
Their mother (SU madre); their parents (SUS padres).                                            ell@s  




Qualifiers  ADJECTIVES


1)   In Spanish language,  ADJECTIVES are also a “variable part” of the speech and they have to agree with the noun they qualify in gender and number and in most cases they are placed AFTER the NOUN.

Un libro         CARO         =    An       EXPENSIVE    book.

Una casa      BARATA     =    A         CHEAP            house.


Unos libros   NUEVOS    =    Some   NEW               books.

Unas casas  VIEJAS       =    Some   OLD                houses.

* PRONOMBRES *


PRONOUNS


Those words which REPLACE the nouns are called “Pronouns”.
PERSONAL pronouns 
specify the person WHO performs or receives the action of the VERB.



singular
plural
FIRST person
WHO speaks
YO
NOSOTR@S
SECOND  “
TO whom you speak
VOSOTR@S
THIRD person
ABOUT whom you speak
ÉL- ELLA 
ELL@S


Now we will see their different forms depending whether they are
SUBJECT  /  OBJECT direct– indirect – circumstancial   /   REFLEXIVE.


PERSONS
USE - ROLE
SINGULAR
PLURAL


1st - PRIMERA

Sujeto
Complemento
Reflexivo

yo
ME – a mí /conmigo
me – a mí mism@

nosotr@s
NOS - a nosotr@s
nos – “  “   mism@s



2nd - SEGUNDA

Sujeto
Complemento
Reflexivo

TE - a/ de tí /contigo
te – a tí mism@

vosotr@s
OS - a vosotr@s
os _ “  “   mism@s







3rd – TERCERA







Sujeto
Complemento
Reflexivo

Sujeto
Complemento
Reflexivo

Sujeto
Complemento
Reflexivo

él               (hombre)
LE* – a / de/ con él
se – a sí mismo

ella                (mujer)
LA / LE* - a/con ella  
se – a sí misma

ello -ella       (cosas)
LO / LA – LE *
se – a sí mism@

ellos
LES* – a/con ellos
se – a sí mismos

ellas
las -LES */con ellas
se – a sí mismas

ell@s
los / las – LES*
se – a sí mism@s


Please, observe that in Spanish - OBJECT  pronouns – adopt DIFFERENT forms:-

 1)    If  they were placed AFTER a PREPOSITION they will be:-

 A - de – por ...  MÍ - TÍ - ÉL - ELLA - ELLO ///  NOSOTR@S - VOSOTR@S –-ELL@S.

CON   conmigo – contigo – con él - con ella – con ello / con nosotr@s - vosotr@s -  “.

2)   If there were  NO preposition  =  ME / TE / LE – LA – LO  // NOS / OS / LES – LAS – LOS.

Ø     * If the 3ª person (singular & plural) were  “INDIRECT object”  =  LE  -  LES.

* VERBOS:- Transitivos / Intransitivos / Reflexivos / Recíprocos...


VERBS



The verb is a “variable part” in a sentence that we use to express:-


 “state of the subject”          “Verbos COPULATIVOS”
                      
                                   “the action done by us”          “Voz ACTIVA”

                                   “the action we receive”          “Voz PASIVA”


In Spanish, the verbs are composed by “root” (radical) and “ending” (desinencia).


Therefore, it is “changing the endings”,
how we “conjugate” our verbs.

The Spanish CONJUGATION of verbs results in the fact that
we do not need to mention the “subject”,
since our “endings” will perfectly indicate - to our interlocutors -
who is the SUBJECT doing the action
and which is the TENSE & MODE used.


“RADICAL” is the part of the verb which is permanent in any TENSE or MODE - with the exception of some IRREGULAR verbs which will be quoted in a special chapter.

“DESINENCIA” is the variable part of the verb that changes depending on the Subject, the Mode and the Tense.


“TRANSITIVOS” are those verbs which action falls directly on SOMEBODY or something:-
                              I buy flowers for my mother /    I will have fish & chips for lunch.


“INTRANSITIVOS”  are those verbs that express an action which falls on the own subject:-
                                  My daughter is growing a lot = Mi hija está creciendo mucho.


“REFLEXIVOS” are the verbs we use to express that the action is done for the benefit of the proper 
                            subject:- I wash myself – She washes herself – They wash themselves.


“RECÍPROCOS” are the verbs which tell us that the action is done and received by two
                              or more persons at the same time:-  

My grandma and I loved each other.              Mi abuela y yo nos queríamos mucho.
You and your daughter love each other.        Tú y tu hija os queréis mucho.
Mary and John love “each other”.                 María y Juan se quieren (él uno al otro).

Modo  INFINITIVO



In Spanish, a verb is in "Mode Infinitive" if the verbal word ends in  “AR” “ER”“IR”.


The verbs ending in  “- AR” belong to the  FIRST conjugation.

AMAR (to love) - CANTAR (to sing) - BAILAR (to dance) - DISFRUTAR (to enjoy)


The verbs ending in  “- ER” belong to the  SECOND conjugation.

COMER (to eat) – BEBER (to drink) – CORRER (to run) – BARRER (to sweep)


The verbs ending in  “- IR” belong to the THIRD conjugation.

VIVIR (to live) - CONDUCIR (to drive) - DECIR (to say & to tell) ADMITIR (to admit)




PARTICIPIO


In English named  "PAST  PARTICIPLE", it is formed in the following way in Spanish:-


FIRST  conjugation

Delete ending “AR” - of  verb in INFINITIVE - and then add  ADO”.

amADO (lovED) - cantADO (sung) - bailADO (danced) – disfrutADO (enjoyed).


SECOND  conjugation

Delete ending “ER” - of  verb in INFINITIVE - and then add  “IDO”.

comIDo (eaten) – bebIDO (drunk) – corrIDO (run) – barrIDO (sweeped).


THIRD  conjugation

Delete ending “IR” - of  verb in INFINITIVE - and then add  “IDO”.

VIVido (lived) - conducIDO(driven) - admitIDO (admitted) – dirigIDO (led).


ð  As it happens in English with the auxiliary verb “TO HAVE”, these forms of Past PARTICIPLE together with our auxiliary verb  “HABER” are used to form the "PERFECT  Tenses".

“PRESENT simple”  of  “Mode SUBJUNCTIVE”



1)    We use this tense to express DESIRES which we would like them to come true.



2)   Therefore – in Spanish – this tense is used after verbs expressing wishes and desires and followed by the conjunction “QUE” (= that).


Yo quiero QUE él venga a mi fiesta =                   I want HIM to come to my party.

Yo deseo QUE ella apruebe el examen =            I wish HER to pass her exam.

Yo prefiero QUE tú regreses temprano  =           I prefer YOU coming back early.



1ª conjugación AMAR
2ª conjugaciónCOMER
3ª conjugación –  VIVIR

Yo                 am -  e
Tú                 am -  es
Él                  am -  e
Nosotros       am -  emos
Vosotros       am -  éis
Ellos             am -   en
  
   Yo                com - a
   Tú                com - as
   Él                 com - a
   Nosotros      com - amos
   Vosotros      com - áis
    Ellos            com - an
     
      Yo               viv - a
      Tú               viv - as
      Él                viv - a
      Nosotros     viv - amos
      Vosotros     viv - áis
      Ellos           viv - an


Notice that the “endings” for the 2nd and 3rd Conjugation are the same!



AUXILIARY Verbs  ð  to BE  &  to HAVE (+ past participle)


sujeto
SER
sujeto
ESTAR
subject
To  BE

Yo
Él
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos

sea
seas
sea
seamos
seáis
sean

Yo
Él
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos

esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén

I                                           
You
He –she – it             
We
You
They

 BE
BE
BE
BE
BE
BE




To HAVE = HABER


Yo HAYA – tú hayas – él haya // nos. HAYAMOS – vos. HAYÁIS – ellos HAYAN